-roughly 1780 to 1890
-enlightenment thinkers saw slavery as violation of the natural rights of every person
- American/French revolutions saw violation of liberty and equality
- religious voices were accepted
-slavery wasn't essential for economic progress & "politically unwise" (ex. Britain)
-Secular, Religious, Economic, Political ideas = put pressure on govt.
-Britain forbade sale of slaves and eventually emancipated those who were enslaved
- naval vessels patrolled the Atlantic = intercepted trade boats/freed prisoners
- nations followed ^ and latin american countries did the same
-economic lives of former slaves did not improve dramatically
- sought economic autonomy on their own land and unoccupied land
-brought on labor shortages & new wave of migration = indentured servants were forced to work barely above conditions of slavery
-"radical reconstruction": full political rights/some power -> by cruel punishments/losing the power
Nations and Nationalism
-idea: "humankind was divided into separate nations, each with a distinct culture and territory and deserving an independent political life"
-French Revolution declared that sovereignty lay with "the people"
-"people felt themselves to be citizens of a nation, deeply bound to their fellows by ties of blood, culture, or common experience" = nationalism
-Europe's modern transformation was facilitated nationalism
-"popular nationalism made the normal rivalry among Euro. states more competitive for colonies in Asia and Africa
-"civic nationalism": "the people"; "particular territory/people of various backgrounds could assimilate into the dominant culture
- others thought as only those who share a common ancestry
-nationalism could be used to combat socialism and feminism
Feminist Beginnings
-many women believed that the "ideals of liberty and equality must include women"
-women found other opportunities than housework: temperance movements, charities, abolitionism, missionary work, social and pacifist organizations
-first organized expression: women's rights conference in Seneca Falls, New York (1848)
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- established Women's Bible
-women refused to take husband's surname and wore trousers under skirts
-how access to schools, universities, and professions
-1870's focused on issue of suffrage and were growing constituency
-American/French were peaceful while Britain had violence
-1900: women got into universities, manage/control property & wages, professions, voting (1893 New Zealand)
-A Doll's House: play where woman leaves husband/children b/c oppressive marriage
-opposition believe there would be damage to reproductive system = women selfish
-spread to other parts of world, not as big effect
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